Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Due to its central location and the close The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who 61). "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. . [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Girling, F. K. (1960). A rebellion Identification. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. (February 23, 2023). Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team With the coming of the ivory interpolity interactions at the county level. Identification and Location. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. 2.4. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the 1544957. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything time was critical to the social and political development of the region. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. ." When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. NRA in 1986. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Conflict. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Kinship Terminology. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Medicine. //. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Organizational Politics. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. Even in this . The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. . Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Omissions? Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. Encyclopedia.com. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. London: James Currey. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Tonga Marriage. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few (1972). The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Arts. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda.