Besides the above-presented Index variants, several others were proposed in the literature incorporating other software metrics that measure additional software aspects, e.g., cohesion and coupling; yet, they are not widely used. [. Objects class from the Java.util . [. In summary, the key contributions of this paper are: (1) a review of Maintainability Index variants utilized for maintainability measurement in object-oriented software; (2) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented system; (3) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems, i.e., other versions of the same software system and completely different software systems. Try Programiz PRO: Although numerous measures have been proposed in the literature for assessing software quality factors, few studies have focused on comparing the Index with other maintainability or software quality measures. However, we've used String constructor to create the strings. If we assigned a to b, then we would have a different result: Integer a = new Integer ( 1 ); Integer b = a; assertThat (a == b).isTrue (); using the operators <, <=, ==, =>, >. Note that some human analysis of the comments is recommended to aid this decision [. Blogger | Programmer | Entrepreneur | Join me for more helpful insights: https://linktr.ee/amyjandrews92, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // true, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // false, console.log(_.isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, for (let i = 0; i < props1.length; i++) {, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // false, if ((!bothAreObjects && (obj1[prop] !== obj2[prop])). 252264. Replication studies are needed to confirm and generalize the results to a more extensive set of Index variants. [. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without When we run the program (HashCodeExample.java) with the above code snippet, we get the following output. Microsoft. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. Kerby, D.S. ; Motogna, S. A Study of Maintainability in Evolving Open-Source Software. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Lodash's isEqual() function is the most sophisticated way to compare two objects. Sjberg, D.I.K. When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. ; Yiit, T. Energy Efficiency Analysis of Code Refactoring Techniques for Green and Sustainable Software in Portable Devices. Now we will create one more class with the below code and save it as Car.java. Finding differences between collections of objects of the same data type is a common programming task. [. Elmidaoui, S.; Cheikhi, L.; Idri, A.; Abran, A. Empirical studies on software product maintainability prediction: A systematic mapping and review. By comparing two objects, the value of those objects isn't 1. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. ; Saleh, A.; Darwito, H.A. For objects, you either use a compareor a compareTomethod instead. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. Based on their characteristics, behavior, and interrelationships, the variants were divided into two distinct clusters, i.e., variants that do not consider code comments in their calculation and those that do. To answer RQ2, the results were analyzed from two perspectives: between versions of the same software system, where three software systems with their versions were considered, and between different software systems, where the last version of each included software system was considered. Let us create a simple Employee class with instance variables id, name, age for comparing the different objects field by field. String class from the Java.lang package. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. Author: Venkatesh - I love to learn and share the technical stuff. Java Program to Compare Strings Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. Malhotra, R.; Khanna, M. Particle swarm optimization-based ensemble learning for software change prediction. However, it is still unclear how different Index variants compare when applied to software systems. [, Heriko, T.; umak, B. Analyzing Linter Usage and Warnings Through Mining Software Repositories: A Longitudinal Case Study of JavaScript Packages. Mail us on [emailprotected], to get more information about given services. Copyright 2011-2021 www.javatpoint.com. Applied Sciences | Free Full-Text | Exploring Maintainability Index = average, Med. When it is invoked more than once during the execution of an application, the hashCode() method will consistently return the same hash code (integer value). A comparative analysis of evolutionary algorithms for the prediction of software change. Note that the object should not be modified. Method of Collections class for sorting List elements is used to sort the elements of List by the given comparator. With the introduction of Lambdas, we can now bypass the anonymous inner class and achieve the same result with simple, functional semantics: Notice that we're also using the new sort API . The studys results showed that when comparing maintainability measurements from several Index variants, the perception of maintainability could be impacted by the choice of the Index variant used. 1) By Using equals () Method The String class equals () method compares the original content of the string. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, T.H. Sjberg et al. This means that when focusing on finer-grained results posed by the Index, the selection of the Index variant has even more of an impact on the maintainability perception. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Computing, Noida, India, 1719 August 2009; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. positive feedback from the reviewers. Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. Learn more. Lavazza, L.; Abualkishik, A.Z. 2021. Let us override the equals() and hashcode() methods in Employee class. ; resources, B.. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". You should not use == (equality operator) to compare these strings because they compare the reference of the string, i.e. Kaur and Singh [, Although there are some similarities with the existing work, the lack of a comprehensive approach to comparing multiple variations of the Index makes our work the first of its kind in the field. Avg. let us create a new Employee e3 object with the same values as e1. The JHawk tool was used to extract the source code metrics, as it is commonly used for metrics extraction of Java software. Basic Sort With Lambda Support. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. For example, if we want to check for any two values to make the equals() method consider the two objects to be the same: This method is more like an add-on to the previous one. ; Papesh, M.H. The newEqualswould returntrueifMyIntis the same in the two objects. If you are not calling the Collections.sort() method then our comparator logic will not be executed. emp1 and emp2. Ardito, L.; Coppola, R.; Barbato, L.; Verga, D. A tool-based perspective on software code maintainability metrics: A systematic literature review. JSON Compare - javatpoint The only difference is in person1, the property age appears before name, meanwhile, in person2, name comes before age. And since book4 and book5 all point to the same object instance, book1, so book 4 === book5 is true. The following two lists summarize the differences between the two interfaces. To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Java programming topics: In the above program, we've two strings style and style2. The idea is that every unit test should have only one reason to fail. Compute all the permutations of the string. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. One or more elements from. *; class GFG { public static void main (String [] args) { ; investigation, T.H. Compare Two HashMap Objects in Java - GeeksforGeeks To ensure all included software systems were following object-oriented principles, some manual inspection of the source code of subject software systems was performed by the authors. To make the comparison thing to be a piece of cake, just leverage Lodash. 254258. Comparison of Maintainability Index Measurement from Microsoft CodeLens and Line of Code. Brito e Abreu, F.; Melo, W. Evaluating the impact of object-oriented design on software quality. In this class, we have created two instances of the Employee class i.e. Differentiate String == operator and equals() method, Check if a string is a valid shuffle of two distinct strings. We can sort them, copy-paste them, merge, and compare them. In the next two sections, we will see the example programs on ArrayList and HashMap classes. Ltd. All rights reserved. Java BeanUtils - Comparing Beans - tutorialspoint.com Learn Java practically Java Program to Compare two Boolean Arrays, Java Program to Compare two Double Arrays, Compare two strings lexicographically in Java, equals() and deepEquals() Method to Compare two Arrays in Java. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Java - Get Differences Between Two Objects - Woolha future research directions and describes possible research applications. Granja-Alvarez, J.C.; Barranco-Garca, M.J. A Method for Estimating Maintenance Cost in a Software Project: A Case Study. Furthermore, this study identified some research gaps and suggested some possible directions for future research efforts. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Similarities and Difference between Java and C++, Decision Making in Java (if, if-else, switch, break, continue, jump), StringBuilder Class in Java with Examples, Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java, Constructor Chaining In Java with Examples, Private Constructors and Singleton Classes in Java, Comparison of Inheritance in C++ and Java, Dynamic Method Dispatch or Runtime Polymorphism in Java, Different ways of Method Overloading in Java, Difference Between Method Overloading and Method Overriding in Java, Difference between Abstract Class and Interface in Java, Comparator Interface in Java with Examples, Flow control in try catch finally in Java, SortedSet Interface in Java with Examples, SortedMap Interface in Java with Examples, Importance of Thread Synchronization in Java, Thread Safety and how to achieve it in Java. We can, therefore, compare them: assertThat (planes1).isNotSameAs (planes2); To sum up, in this case, we have two arrays in memory that contain the same String values in exactly the same order. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.